Executive Summary

This white paper examines the political dynamics between Puntland State and SSC-Khatumo following the liberation of the SSC territories from Somaliland administration. Initially, both administrations had agreed to convene a Congress to determine their future relationship. However, the congress never materialized, primarily due to SSC-Khatumo’s unilateral alignment with the Mogadishu-based federal government. This paper discusses the implications of that decision, the recent stance articulated by Puntland’s leadership, and offers recommendations for future cooperation to ensure stability and mutual benefit for the communities of northern Somalia.

Introduction

The territories of Sool, Sanaag, and Cayn (SSC) have long been contested spaces, central to the political disputes between Somaliland, Puntland, and emerging local administrations like SSC-Khatumo. The recent liberation of SSC territories was a significant achievement, made possible through the sacrifices of local communities and Puntland’s consistent support. The understanding at the time was that a congress would be convened to democratically decide the relationship between Puntland and SSC-Khatumo post-liberation. However, this crucial step was bypassed, altering the expected course of collaboration.

Background

Puntland State of Somalia was established in 1998 to protect and advance the interests of the Eastern Daroods (Dhulbahante, Warsangeli, Majeerteen, Lelkase, Awrtable, among others), and has maintained relative political stability, while reconstructing the failed state of Somalia.

SSC-Khatumo Movement emerged to advocate for the specific interests of SSC territories, opposing both Somaliland’s secessionist claims and, at times, perceived neglect by Puntland.

A shared understanding developed that post-liberation, both sides would hold a congress to formalize their future relationship.

However, post-liberation, SSC-Khatumo leadership unexpectedly aligned with the Federal Government in Mogadishu—an administration that had provided little direct assistance during SSC’s most critical battles.

Current Situation

In response to these developments, the President of Puntland State, Said Abdullahi Deni, publicly stated that SSC-Khatumo faces a strategic decision:

Option 1: SSC-Khatumo continues independently, managing its political and administrative affairs without Puntland’s direct support.

Option 2: SSC-Khatumo returns to negotiations with Puntland to formalize a cooperative framework that respects historical ties and shared strategic interests.

This declaration marks a significant turning point, emphasizing Puntland’s expectation for either renewed partnership based on mutual respect or a formal separation of paths.

Analysis

Implications of SSC-Khatumo’s Alignment with Mogadishu

Political Vulnerability: Mogadishu’s remote governance risks alienating SSC communities and ignoring their unique local needs.

Loss of Regional Support: By distancing from Puntland, SSC-Khatumo potentially weakens its bargaining power and stability prospects.

Fragmentation Risk: Without a cohesive Harti-based regional strategy, northern Somalia could descend into renewed political fragmentation.

Puntland’s Strategic Interests

Regional Stability: Puntland’s success has been rooted in maintaining stable borders and alliances.

Cultural and Clan Solidarity: The Harti clans share historical bonds that Puntland seeks to preserve.

Federalism Advocacy: Puntland supports a federal Somalia, but with meaningful autonomy for regions—a vision that aligns with SSC’s original demands.

Recommendations

For SSC-Khatumo Leadership

Return to Dialogue: Engage Puntland in formal discussions to outline a cooperative framework.

Prioritize Local Interests: Align political decisions with the immediate needs and aspirations of SSC communities.

Demand Mutual Respect: Ensure that any relationship with Puntland is based on equality and mutual benefit.

For Puntland State

Remain Open to Negotiations: Despite frustrations, keep channels open for reconciliation.

Support Local Empowerment: Emphasize partnerships that respect SSC autonomy within broader strategic cooperation.

Promote Unity Among Harti Communities: Prevent external manipulation by reinforcing internal solidarity.

For the Broader Somali Stakeholders

Support Local Initiatives: Encourage community-led political solutions rather than top-down impositions from Mogadishu.

Facilitate Dialogue: International partners and Somali federal institutions should facilitate—not dictate—discussions between Puntland and SSC-Khatumo.

Conclusion

The missed congress between Puntland and SSC-Khatumo represents a critical moment in the political evolution of northern Somalia. However, the window for constructive engagement remains open. Both sides must act pragmatically and prioritize the interests of their communities over external political alignments. A future built on negotiated partnership offers the best path forward for durable peace, autonomy, and development in the SSC territories.

Prepared by:
WDM
Date: April 26, 2025