President Said Abdullahi Deni’s recent admission of his administration’s failure to prevent ISIS from entrenching itself in the Calmiskaad mountains marks a rare moment of accountability in Somali politics. While critics may seize on this confession as a weapon, Warsame Digital Media commends President Deni’s candour. Transparency, however, must now translate into action. Puntland’s security crisis—compounded by ISIS’s expansion and Al-Shabab’s persistent threat—demands not just acknowledgement of past failures but an unwavering commitment to dismantling extremism through decisive leadership, and systemic reform.

A Rare Admission of Accountability

In a political landscape where leaders often deflect blame, President Deni’s acknowledgment of negligence is a watershed moment. His willingness to confront uncomfortable truths should be viewed as a strength, not a weakness. Opposition groups must resist the temptation to weaponize this admission for short-term gain. Instead, Puntland’s political class should unite to address the existential threat posed by ISIS, whose foothold in the Bari Region underscores the fragility of the state’s security apparatus. Accountability, after all, is the cornerstone of public trust. Deni’s candor offers an opportunity to rebuild that trust—but only if matched by tangible results.

The ISIS Threat in Context

The rise of ISIS in Puntland cannot be divorced from the broader instability plaguing Somalia. While Al-Shabab remains the dominant extremist force nationally, ISIS’s encroachment into Puntland reveals vulnerabilities unique to the region. The Calmiskaad mountains, with their rugged terrain and limited state presence, have long been a haven for illicit activities. However, the administration’s focus on quelling political violence in Bosaso and Garowe, coupled with the resource drain of Somalia’s contentious federal elections, left critical security gaps unaddressed. This underscores a recurring challenge: the tension between Puntland’s autonomy and its interdependence with Somalia’s fractured federal system.

Beyond Bullets: A Strategy for Sustainable Security

Military operations alone will not eradicate extremism. ISIS and Al-Shabab thrive on governance vacuums, economic despair, and communal grievances. To dismantle their networks, Puntland must pursue a dual strategy:

1. Targeted Military Campaigns: Collaborate with federal and international partners to disrupt ISIS strongholds, leveraging intelligence-sharing and specialized forces.
2. Root-Cause Solutions: Invest in community-driven development, job creation for disillusioned youth, and equitable resource distribution. Marginalized communities in areas like Bari are fertile ground for recruitment; empowering them undermines extremist narratives.
3. Institutional Reform: Strengthen local governance, judiciary systems, and security forces to restore public confidence. Corruption and inefficiency within state structures have historically fueled resentment.

The Federal-Regional Tug-of-War

Puntland’s security challenges are exacerbated by Somalia’s fractured federalism. The federal government’s preoccupation with Mogadishu-centric politics—exemplified by the drawn-out presidential elections—has diverted attention and resources from regional crises. For Puntland to succeed, Mogadishu must prioritize equitable resource allocation and genuine collaboration, rather than treating federal member states as peripheral concerns. Conversely, Deni’s administration must avoid insularity; security in the Bari Region is not just Puntland’s problem but a national emergency.

Conclusion: From Words to Action

President Deni’s admission is a starting point, not an endpoint. The true test lies in his administration’s ability to translate accountability into outcomes. Puntland’s people deserve a future free from the shadow of extremism—one built on justice, opportunity, and resilient institutions. This will require bold leadership, bipartisan cooperation, and a rejection of the short-termism that has plagued Somali politics for decades.

The time for excuses is over. The time for action is now.

Warsame Digital Media urges all stakeholders—from Garowe to Mogadishu—to prioritize the collective security of Somalia over partisan interests. Only then can the Calmiskaad mountains and the nation itself be reclaimed from the grip of terror.

The perception of Turkey as an existential threat to Somalia’s survival as a united sovereign state stems from complex regional rivalries and internal divisions exacerbated by foreign interference. Let us dive into these geopolitical issues:

1. Turkey’s Expanding Influence

• Military Presence: Turkey operates its largest overseas military base in Mogadishu, trains Somali troops, and provides security support. While this strengthens the federal government, it risks creating dependency and centralizing power, alienating regional states.
• Economic and Political Engagement: Turkey invests in infrastructure, education, and healthcare, fostering goodwill. However, critics argue such ties could lead to debt dependency or unequal agreements, potentially undermining sovereignty.

2. Regional Rivalries and Proxy Dynamics

• Turkey-Qatar vs. UAE-Ethiopia:
  • Turkey and Qatar back the Somali federal government, aligning with President Mohamud’s administration.
  • UAE and Ethiopia support regional actors (e.g., Somaliland, Puntland) and oppose centralization, fueling federal-state tensions. UAE’s port deals in Somaliland (Berbera) and Ethiopia’s historical interventions exacerbate fragmentation risks.
• Egypt’s Role: Egypt counters Ethiopian influence (e.g., Nile River disputes) by supporting Somalia, adding another layer to the regional power struggle.

3. Internal Divisions

• Federal vs. Regional Tensions: Foreign backing deepens mistrust between Mogadishu and regional states. For example, Somaliland’s UAE ties and Puntland’s resistance to central authority challenge unity.
• Proxy Conflicts: Competing foreign agendas risk turning Somalia into a battleground, destabilizing governance and empowering factions that prioritize external interests over national cohesion.

4. Existential Risks

• Sovereignty Erosion: Overreliance on external actors weakens domestic institutions. For instance, Turkey’s military role may overshadow Somali-led security solutions.
• Fragmentation: External support for secessionist movements (e.g., Somaliland) or autonomous regions threatens territorial integrity. The UAE-Ethiopia axis vs. Turkey-Qatar-Egypt rivalry could Balkanize Somalia.

Counterarguments and Nuances

• Stability vs. Dependency: Turkish aid has provided critical infrastructure and counterterrorism support, which some Somalis welcome. The threat lies not in Turkey alone but in uncoordinated multipolar interference.
• Somalia’s Agency: Somali leaders navigate these rivalries to secure resources, but internal corruption and governance failures also contribute to vulnerability.

Conclusion

Turkey’s role is part of a broader pattern where regional powers exploit Somalia’s fragility for strategic gains. The existential threat arises from the cumulative effect of competing foreign interests fragmenting national unity, undermining state-building, and perpetuating dependency. Somalia’s survival as a united state depends on balancing external engagements with inclusive governance and reducing elite reliance on foreign patrons.

Introduction
Somalia’s journey toward federalism has been fraught with challenges, yet it remains a critical framework for reconciling the nation’s diverse clan dynamics and historical grievances. Since the collapse of the central government in 1991, regions like Puntland (1998) and Somaliland (1991) have pioneered autonomous governance, while the 2012 provisional constitution formalized federalism. This article explores the process of establishing regional states, analyzes past successes and failures, and contextualizes the role of local and international actors in Somalia’s evolving political landscape.

Steps to Establishing a Regional State

1. Constitutional Adherence and Common Interests
   The Somali Provisional Constitution (2012) mandates that federal member states comprise at least two regions sharing political, economic, and security interests (Article 49). Successful examples, such as Jubaland (2013), emerged from regions with cohesive identities and resource-sharing agreements. Conversely, disputes in Galmudug over clan representation highlight the necessity of pre-existing cohesion.
2. Grassroots Mobilization
   Traditional elders and civil society play pivotal roles. The 1998 Puntland Charter was ratified through clan-led shir (consultative assemblies), ensuring legitimacy. Mobilization must prioritize inclusivity, avoiding marginalization of minority clans, as seen in the 2015 Hiraan resistance against state formation.
3. Structured Consultative Process
   • Constitutional Drafting: Committees should reflect regional demographics. Southwest State (2014) involved legal experts and elders, ensuring cultural resonance.
   • Logistics and Security: Neutral venues (e.g., Baidoa for Southwest State) and robust security protocols prevent sabotage.
   • Delegate Allocation: Quota systems based on clan size, as used in Puntland, mitigate power imbalances.
4. Constitutional Ratification and Elections
   A transparent congress, such as Somaliland’s 1996 Borama Conference, fosters trust. Post-ratification, independent electoral bodies—like UN-supported polls in Jubaland (2021)—enhance credibility. Direct elections (e.g., Puntland’s 2019 local polls) are ideal but require security often absent in Somalia.

Pitfalls to Avoid

1. Premature Power-Sharing Negotiations
   The 2016 Galmudug collapse stemmed from elite disputes over positions before institutional frameworks were established. Prioritizing structure over personalities, as in Somaliland’s founding, is crucial.
2. Clan-Based Exclusion
   The 2013 attempt to form a central Somalia state failed when the Dir clan was sidelined, sparking conflict. The Hirshabelle State (2016) succeeded by integrating Hiraan and Middle Shabelle clans through protracted dialogue.
3. External Interference
   Federal government opposition delayed Southwest State’s formation until 2014. Conversely, Jubaland’s creation faced criticism over Kenyan influence, underscoring the need for balanced international engagement.

Case Studies

• Puntland: Emerged from a clan consensus in 1998, blending traditional xeer (customary law) with modern institutions. Challenges persist in holding one person one vote elections.
• Somaliland: Though unrecognized, its hybrid governance model (clan Guurti and elected parliament) offers lessons in stability.
• Jubaland: Ethiopian and Kenyan involvement in its 2013 formation sparked tensions with Mogadishu, highlighting federal-regional diplomacy’s complexity.

International Community’s Role
While the UN and AU advocate federalism as a conflict mitigation tool, divergent foreign agendas complicate state-building. The EU’s support for dialogue in Hirshabelle contrasts with UAE-Turkey rivalries influencing the Somalia peace process. Local ownership remains paramount to avoid dependency.

Conclusion
Creating regional states in Somalia demands a delicate balance of constitutional fidelity, grassroots legitimacy, and inclusive processes. While federalism offers a path to unity, its success hinges on learning from past missteps and navigating clan-political dynamics. As Somalia approaches pivotal elections in the foreseeable future, the international community must prioritize Somali-led solutions over external blueprints. The road to federalism is neither linear nor easy, but with structured adherence to participatory principles, it remains Somalia’s most viable hope for lasting peace.

References

• Somali Provisional Constitution (2012).
• UN Somalia Reports (2021–2023).
• Interviews with Somali political analysts (Names withheld for security).

Warsame Digital Media | Updated: October 2023 | Categories: Federalism, Governance, Horn of Africa

This revised article provides deeper context, contemporary examples, and critical analysis, positioning it as a comprehensive resource on Somali federalism.

For over three decades, Somalia has been characterized in global discourse as a “failed state,” defined by political fragmentation, protracted conflict, and institutional collapse. Yet, beneath this reductive label lies a society of extraordinary resilience and ingenuity. The Somali people have not only survived decades of turmoil but have forged pathways of entrepreneurship, resisted extremism, and safeguarded their sovereignty through a blend of cultural fortitude, diasporic solidarity, and grassroots agency. This essay explores the unique characteristics that define the Somali people’s unwavering spirit, even as their fledgling federal government struggles to assert effective leadership.

Historical Context: Crisis and Continuity

Somalia’s descent into chaos began with the collapse of the Siad Barre regime in 1991, plunging the nation into civil war. Subsequent decades saw clan rivalries, foreign interventions, and the rise of extremist groups like Al-Shabaab ISIS. Natural disasters, including recurrent droughts and famines, compounded these challenges. Yet, amid this turbulence, Somali society did not disintegrate. Instead, it adapted, relying on deeply rooted social structures and cultural cohesion to navigate instability.

Resilience Rooted in Social Fabric

At the heart of Somalia’s endurance is its clan-based social system. While often criticized for fueling division, clans have also functioned as networks of survival, providing security, justice, and resource distribution in the absence of a central state. Communities have drawn on traditional mechanisms like xeer (customary law) to mediate disputes and maintain order. This decentralized resilience reflects a pragmatic approach to governance, where trust in kinship and local leadership often outweighs reliance on fragile institutions. Only federal governance is optimal for such a culture of traditional leadership.

Entrepreneurship in the Informal Economy

Somalia’s informal economy stands as a testament to its people’s ingenuity. Barred from formal banking, Somalis pioneered mobile money systems like Zaad, Sahal, EVCPLUS, revolutionizing financial access. The telecom sector, led by companies such as Hormuud, Golis, Telsom, emerged as one of Africa’s most competitive, connecting millions and fostering commerce. In bustling markets like Mogadishu’s Bakara, traders navigate risks ranging from extortion to bombings yet persist in sustaining cross-border trade and local livelihoods. This entrepreneurial spirit thrives not despite chaos but as a response to it—a defiance of despair through innovation.

Resistance to Extremism and Terrorism

Communities have consistently rejected extremist groups’ attempts to impose rigid ideologies. While Al-Shabaab controls pockets of territory, its influence is frequently checked by grassroots resistance. Local militias, often clan-aligned, collaborate with public institutions’ forces to reclaim territories and civil society groups counter radical narratives through education and art. Women, in particular, have played pivotal roles in advocating for peace, leveraging their societal influence to marginalize extremists. This resistance underscores a collective refusal to let violence define Somali identity.

The Diaspora: Lifelines and Bridges

The global Somali diaspora, estimated at over two million, has been instrumental in the nation’s survival. Remittances—exceeding $1.5 billion annually—form an economic lifeline, funding households, startups, and even infrastructure. Diasporans also bridge global expertise with local needs, investing in tech hubs, healthcare, and education. Their dual role as economic sustainers and cultural ambassadors reinforces Somalia’s global connections while nurturing its recovery.

Sovereignty and Defiance Against Intervention

Somalis fiercely guard their autonomy, resisting foreign domination even as external actors vie for influence. Public skepticism toward international peacekeeping missions and foreign-backed governments reflects a desire for self-determination. This defiance is not mere nationalism but a hard-earned wariness of external agendas. The phrase “Soomaali ma kala tagin” (Somalis never abandon each other) encapsulates this ethos of unity against external threats.

Conclusion: The Power of People Over State

Somalia’s story is one of a society persisting beyond the failures of its political class. While the federal government remains weak, the Somali people have demonstrated that resilience is not contingent on formal institutions. Their adaptability, entrepreneurial zeal, and commitment to cultural identity offer lessons in survival and hope. As Somalia rebuilds, the world must look beyond the “failed state” narrative to recognize the agency of a people whose unshakeable spirit continues to chart a path toward renewal.

In the words of Somali poet Gaarriye, “The nation is not land; the nation is people.” It is this indomitable people—rooted in community, innovation, and pride—who hold the key to Somalia’s future.

To address the urgent issue of ISIS operatives escaping by sea from Puntland to Yemen, a multifaceted strategy combining immediate action, international collaboration, and long-term planning is essential. These include:

1. Immediate Maritime Interdiction

• International Naval Cooperation: Partner with naval forces in the region (e.g., EU NAVFOR Atalanta, Combined Maritime Forces) to establish patrols and blockades in the Gulf of Aden. Leverage existing counter-piracy frameworks like the Djibouti Code of Conduct.
• Surveillance Enhancement: Deploy drones, satellite imagery, and coastal radar systems to monitor suspicious vessels, focusing on small boats/dhows. Share real-time data with partners.

2. Intelligence Sharing & Verification

• Regional and Global Networks: Collaborate with INTERPOL, AFRICOM, and regional intelligence agencies (e.g., Yemen’s recognized government, UAE, Saudi Arabia) to verify and act on intelligence.
• Cybersecurity Measures: Monitor ISIS communication channels online, working with tech firms and agencies to disrupt escape coordination.

3. Diplomatic Mobilization

• UN Engagement: Seek a UN Security Council resolution for international mandates, sanctions, or asset freezes against ISIS affiliates.
• Bilateral Agreements: Negotiate with nations like the US, UAE, and Turkey for logistical support (e.g., naval assets, training).

4. Legal Preparedness

• Jurisdiction Clarity: Work with the UN and African Union to establish legal frameworks for arrests, ensuring adherence to international law.
• Extradition Treaties: Secure agreements with Yemen and neighboring states for prosecuting captured operatives.

5. Community & Local Engagement

• Coastal Community Involvement: Incentivize local fishermen to report suspicious activities via hotlines or rewards.
• Counter-Radicalization: Launch deradicalization programs and public awareness campaigns to reduce local support for ISIS.

6. Capacity Building

• Military Aid: Request international funding to upgrade Puntland’s naval capabilities (boats, communication tech) and train forces in counter-terrorism tactics.
• Border Security: Strengthen land and sea checkpoints with biometric systems and regional coordination (e.g., Somaliland, Somalia’s federal government).

7. Long-Term Regional Stability

• Root Cause Mitigation: Address governance gaps, economic deprivation, and unemployment through development aid and job creation.
• Regional Partnerships: Foster intelligence-sharing agreements with IGAD and the African Union to prevent cross-border regrouping.

Challenges & Mitigation

• Yemen’s Instability: Focus on engaging Yemeni coastal communities and factions willing to cooperate, avoiding entanglement in internal conflicts.
• Resource Limitations: Prioritize targeted international appeals (e.g., via the UN Trust Fund for Counter-Terrorism).

Conclusion

Puntland’s success hinges on swift, coordinated action with global partners, balanced with sustainable measures to weaken ISIS’s resurgence capacity. By integrating maritime security, intelligence, diplomacy, and community resilience, Puntland can disrupt this threat while fostering regional stability.

A Call to Action

Mar 04, 2025

Executive Summary

Somali nomadic pastoralists face escalating threats from climate shocks, environmental degradation, and socio-economic shifts, now compounded by the pervasive issue of plastic pollution. This paper expands on prior analysis to address the acute problem of plastic bags and containers, which accumulate in rangelands and urban centers due to ..

https://substack.com/home/post/p-158378441?utm_campaign=email-post&r=5b23go&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email

Thank you for being a valued reader of my blog! I’m excited to share that I’ve expanded my content and offerings on Substack. While my blog provides a glimpse into my thoughts and work, my Substack account takes it to the next level, offering exclusive content, in-depth analyses, and behind-the-scenes insights that you won’t find anywhere else.

Why subscribe?

– Exclusive Articles: Access in-depth pieces that are only available to paid subscribers.
– Weekly Newsletters: Get a curated roundup of my latest thoughts and insights delivered straight to your inbox.
-Community Engagement: Join a thriving community of like-minded readers and engage in discussions on topics that matter to you.
– Special Offers: As a subscriber, enjoy first dibs on upcoming events, workshops, and resources.

How to subscribe:

1. Visit my Substack page at https://ismailwarsame.substack.com
2. Choose your subscription tier. I offer a range of options designed to fit your preferences and budget.
3. Enjoy the benefits of being part of a community that values deep, enriching content.

Your support means everything to me, and by subscribing, you’re not just investing in my work, but also in a new level of dialogue and exchange. I can’t wait to continue our journey together—let’s explore these topics more deeply!

Join the conversation today! https://ismailwarsame.substack.com

Thank you for reading, and I look forward to connecting with you on Substack!

—

Ismail Warsame

Chief Editor

مع قدوم الهلال الذي يبشر بقدوم رمضان، شهر مليء بالروحانية والتأمل والمجتمع، يمدّ فريق ورشمي الرقمية (WDM) أحر التهاني لجميع قرائنا و مشتركينا. نحن ندرك أن هذا الوقت المقدس هو فرصة للنمو والفهم وتعزيز الروابط مع العائلة والأصدقاء.

شهر التأمل والإخلاص

يدعونا رمضان لاحتضان مبادئ الصبر والتواضع والرحمة. إنه وقت يشارك فيه الملايين حول العالم في صيام من الفجر حتى الغروب، وهي ممارسة تهدف ليس فقط إلى الامتناع عن الطعام والشراب، بل لتعزيز الاتصال الأعمق بالإيمان وزرع التعاطف مع أولئك الأقل حظًا. يشجعنا هذا الشهر على التأمل في حياتنا، والتعبير عن الامتنان لنعمنا، والسعي للتجديد الروحي.

تعزيز الإحساس بالمجتمع

أكثر من أهميته الدينية، رمضان هو وقت يبرز أهمية المجتمع والتواصل. تجتمع العائلات لتناول الإفطار، الوجبة المسائية التي تُفطر الصيام، حيث يتشاركون الطعام والضحك والقصص. إنها لحظة من الفرح والوحدة والاحتفال التي تتجاوز الحدود الشخصية. في WDM، نؤمن بقوة المجتمع، ونشجع قرائنا على تعزيز روابطهم مع من حولهم خلال هذا الشهر ذو المعنى.

نتمنى الصحة والسعادة

الصحة والرفاهية هي الأهم خلال رمضان، ونتمنى لقرائنا صحة جيدة بينما يبدأون رحلتهم في الصيام. من الضروري تغذية الجسم والروح، تحقيق التوازن بين المتطلبات الجسدية للصيام والممارسات الروحية مثل الصلاة وقراءة القرآن والمشاركة في الأعمال الخيرية. مع دخولنا هذا الشهر، عسى أن تجدوا القوة لمواجهة تحدياته والهدوء الناتج عن الوفاء بالالتزامات الروحية.

خاتمة

ختامًا، بينما نحتفل ببدء رمضان، يقف فريق وارشامي الرقمية (WDM) في تضامن مع مجتمعنا العزيز. نتمنى لكم جميعًا شهراً مليئًا بالسلام والتأمل والنمو. صيام مبارك، وعسى أن يجلب لكم هذا رمضان القرب من طموحاتكم ويمنحكم الصحة الجيدة خلال الأيام المقبلة.

أطيب التحيات،
إسماعيل ورشمي
المحرر الرئيسي 
وسائل الإعلام الرقمية ورشمي (WDM)

As the crescent moon heralds the arrival of Ramadan, a month steeped in spirituality, reflection, and community, Warsame Digital Media (WDM) extends its heartfelt congratulations to all our subscribers and readers. We recognize this sacred time as an opportunity for growth, understanding, and the strengthening of bonds with family and friends.

A Month of Reflection and Devotion

Ramadan invites us to embrace the principles of patience, humility, and compassion. It is a time when millions around the world engage in fasting from dawn until dusk, a practice designed not just to abstain from food and drink, but to foster a deeper connection with one’s faith and to cultivate empathy for those who are less fortunate. This month encourages us to reflect on our lives, express gratitude for our blessings, and seek spiritual renewal.

Fostering a Sense of Community

Beyond its religious significance, Ramadan is a time that underscores the importance of community and togetherness. Families gather for Iftar, the evening meal that breaks the fast, sharing food, laughter, and stories. It is a moment of joy, of unity, and of celebration that transcends personal boundaries. At WDM, we believe in the power of community, and we encourage our readers to strengthen their ties with those around them during this meaningful month.

Wishing Good Health and Fulfillment

Health and well-being are paramount during Ramadan, and we wish our readers good health as they embark on their fasting journey. It is essential to nourish both the body and soul, balancing the physical demands of fasting with spiritual practices such as prayers, reading the Quran, and engaging in acts of charity. As we enter this month, may you find the strength to meet its challenges and the tranquillity that comes from fulfilling spiritual commitments.

Conclusion

In conclusion, as we celebrate the onset of Ramadan, Warsame Digital Media (WDM) stands in solidarity with our cherished community. We wish you all a month filled with peace, reflection, and growth. Happy fasting, and may this Ramadan bring you closer to your aspirations and grant you good health throughout the days ahead.

Warm regards,

Ismail H Warsame
Chief Editor 
Warsame Digital Media WDM

Garowe, April 16, 2019 – In 1998, before the establishment of Puntland State, Garowe—now the proud capital of Somalia’s first federal state—was a starkly different place. A squatter-like village with crumbling neighbourhoods, its economy teetered on the edge of collapse. The only signs of commerce were women-run tea stalls serving stale, sugary brews and street vendors peddling khat, a stimulant leaf imported from Kenya and Ethiopia, nations historically at odds with Somalia. Even travelers en route from Galkayo to Bosaso rarely paused here, deterred by the dust, flies, and swarms of mosquitoes that plagued the shanty huts lining the main highway.

A Village on the Brink
Most residents had fled to Galkayo or Bosaso, where nascent economic opportunities and basic public services offered hope. Garowe’s hospitality sector consisted of four rudimentary “hotels”—Daawad, Nugaal, Guureeye, and Bulshaale—where guests slept on mats under blankets, shielding themselves from insects and dust. Commerce was stifled by inter-subclan distrust; transactions rarely crossed kinship lines. Tea vendors often poured unsold stock into the streets, attracting pests and deepening the village’s decline. Not a single two-story building stood in Garowe at the time.

The Puntland Catalyst
Everything changed with Puntland’s founding in 1998. Garowe’s residents made a pivotal decision: they hosted delegates to the state’s constitutional congresses, offering free lodging and security. This generosity earned Garowe the status of capital. Under the leadership of late President Abdullahi Yusuf, Nugaal Region received two ministerial posts—a symbolic gesture of inclusion. Almost overnight, the village began its metamorphosis.

Rise of a Capital
Garowe’s newfound political significance injected it with power, revenue, and ambition. The city’s skyline transformed, dotted with modern high-rises, elevators, and state-of-the-art facilities. While swimming pools remain absent, the 40°C heat may yet inspire their construction. Urbanization brought new social dynamics: residents embraced cosmetics, manicures, and a burgeoning café culture, though some lamented the rise of “urban decadence.” The city’s growth, however, was tempered by lingering clan tensions, encapsulated in the local adage, “Nugaal waa labo daan” (“Nugaal lies between two hills”), a metaphor for territorial caution.

Shadows of Progress: The Aaran Jaan Scandal
Not all transformations were positive. A youth committee tasked with auditing public debt from the constitutional conferences became infamous for embezzling 2.5 billion Somali Shillings (~$250,000 USD). Dubbed Aaran Jaan (“Devil’s Kin”), this group entrenched itself in politics, later infiltrating federal offices in Mogadishu. Today, they wield outsized influence, positioning themselves as powerbrokers between Puntland and the federal government—a legacy of corruption that still taints the region’s reputation.

Garowe Today: A Beacon of Progress
Despite these challenges, Garowe has emerged as a model of urban development in Somalia. Its meticulous town planning, peaceful environment, and entrepreneurial spirit attract visitors and job-seekers from Mogadishu, Hargeisa, and beyond. The city pulses with opportunity, blending tradition and modernity.

Conclusion
Garowe’s journey from a forgotten village to a thriving capital is a testament to resilience and vision. While shadows of its past linger, the city’s skyline—and spirit—soar ever higher. To walk its streets today is to witness Somalia’s potential in motion. Welcome to Garowe: where history meets hope.

Warsame Digital Media (WDM) – Documenting Somalia’s Stories

[This article was edited after posting].

Warsame Digital Media
Championing Transparency, Accountability, and Free Press in Somalia
February 24, 2025

To Our Valued Subscribers and Supporters,

Warsame Digital Media (WDM) extends its deepest gratitude to each of you for your unwavering engagement and support. Your dedication to reading our critical analyses and in-depth coverage of Somalia’s national affairs—and broader regional issues in the Horn of Africa—fuels our mission to inform, challenge, and inspire.

A special thank you to those who renewed their subscriptions or joined our community as new members this year. Your generosity is the lifeblood of WDM. Without your trust and commitment, our platform could not continue to amplify voices of truth or hold power to account. We humbly urge others to follow your lead, ensuring this vital platform remains a beacon of independent journalism.

Why Your Involvement Matters
Somalia stands at a crossroads. To build a nation free from corruption, maladministration, and injustice, we must collectively prioritize transparency and courage. WDM is more than a blog—it is a movement. By shedding light on pressing public issues and speaking truth without fear or favor, we lay the groundwork for a brighter future. But we cannot do this alone.

Join Us: Call for Contributors
WDM seeks passionate individuals committed to the principles of a free and fair press. We invite:

• Writers & Analysts to craft incisive commentary on governance, policy, and society.
• Reporters & Investigators to uncover stories that demand accountability.
• Media Monitors & Researchers to track trends and amplify underrepresented voices.

This work demands integrity, vision, and courage. Staying on the sidelines is not an option as Somalia rebuilds. Move beyond social media debates and shared posts—take action with WDM. Your words and efforts can shape narratives, spark change, and leave a lasting legacy.

Together, Let’s Build a New Somalia
The road ahead is challenging, but every subscription, article, and act of support brings us closer to a nation defined by justice and opportunity. Join us in making a difference—not just for tomorrow, but for generations to come.

With renewed resolve and appreciation,

Ismail Warsame
Chief Editor, WDM
“Get Used to Free Press”

Stay Connected | Support Independent Journalism | Contribute Today.

Announcement to WDM Readers Worldwide
February 24, 2025

At Warsame Digital Media (WDM), our voice is our power. Today, we’re proud to share our official Tone of Voice Guidelines—a blueprint for how we communicate, inform, and inspire as a mission-aligned, impact-driven, and community-centric platform. These principles ensure every headline, story, and interaction reflects our unwavering commitment to truth, justice, and Somali voices everywhere.

OUR CORE TONE PRINCIPLES

1. FEARLESS & UNCOMPROMISING
   Bold, principled, and unafraid to challenge power.
   Example: “We expose corruption, not cater to it.”
   We don’t use passive language, vague statements, or hedging.
2. ENLIGHTENING & ANALYTICAL
   Intellectual yet accessible, offering depth without jargon.
   Example: “To understand Somalia’s future, we must confront its past.”
   We avoid overly academic phrasing or superficial takes.
3. EMPOWERING & HOPEFUL
   We Inspire action and foster resilience.
   Example: “Change begins when voices like yours are amplified.”
   We avoid cynicism or defeatist language.
4. AUTHENTIC & COMMUNITY-FOCUSED
   We are grounded in Somali realities, prioritizing local voices.
   Example: “This isn’t just our story—it’s yours.”
   We avoid generic or detached perspectives.
5. URGENT & PURPOSEFUL
   We convey immediacy without sensationalism.
   Example: “The truth can’t wait—and neither can we.”
   We avoid alarmism or clickbait tactics.

PUTTING TONE INTO ACTION

Headlines & Social Media

• “Corruption Exposed: How WDM Uncovered the Truth Behind the Scandal.”
• We avoid such things as “You Won’t Believe What Happened Next!” (sensationalized).

Stories & Editorials

• We humanize data
• We don’t overwhelm with dry facts

Audience Engagement

• We invite dialogue: “What solutions do YOU want to see? Share your voice.”
• We don’t dismiss criticism like: “If you don’t like it, go elsewhere.”

OUR LANGUAGE & STYLE

• Vocabulary:  We use active verbs like “expose,” “challenge,” “amplify”—and Somali terms (heer for clan, shaqo for work) to honor cultural authenticity.
• Structure: We use short, impactful paragraphs for digital clarity.
• Visuals: We pair text with imagery of resilience—protest art, grassroots activists, real images, and historical archives.

WHO WE ARE
WDM is the “Guardian-Observer hybrid with a Somali heartbeat”:

We have the passion of a local activist newsletter.

FINAL CHECKS BEFORE WE PUBLISH

1. Does this align with WDM’s mission to inform and empower?
2. Is the tone respectful yet unyielding in pursuing truth?
3. Will it resonate with Somali locals and the global diaspora?

WHY THIS TONE WORKS FOR WDM
It balances authority with approachability, ensuring credibility without elitism. It reflects Somali realities while engaging global allies. Most importantly, it fuels our role as disruptors in a media landscape too often constrained by fear or bias.

Join us in amplifying fearless, authentic, and urgent storytelling. Together, we rise.

— The Warsame Digital Media Team

To: H.E. Said Abdullahi Deni
President of Puntland State of Somalia
Puntland State Presidency Office
Garowe, Puntland
Somalia

Subject: Commendation for Exemplary Leadership in Combating ISIS in the Cal-Miskaat Mountain Ranges

Excellency,

I write to extend my deepest admiration and commendation for your resolute leadership in guiding Puntland State Defence Forces (PDF) to decisive victories against ISIS in the Cal-Miskaat mountain ranges of the Bari Region of Northeast Somalia. Your unwavering commitment to eradicating terrorism and restoring stability to Northeast Somalia stands as a testament to your visionary governance and dedication to the people of Puntland State.

Under your steadfast command, the mobilization of troops and the galvanization of public support have proven instrumental in turning the tide against this grave threat. By uniting citizens and soldiers alike in a shared cause, you have not only bolstered morale but also reinforced the collective resolve to safeguard Puntland’s stability and security. The success of this campaign underscores the effectiveness of your strategic acumen and hands-on leadership, which have inspired both confidence and courage across the region.

The liberation of the Cal-Miskaat area marks a pivotal milestone in countering violent extremism, paving the way for lasting peace and prosperity. It is heartening to witness how your administration’s efforts have curtailed ISIS’s influence, protected vulnerable communities, and restored hope for a future free from fear. The sacrifices of the Puntland State Defence Forces, local communities, and all stakeholders involved in this struggle reflect the profound resilience of our people—a resilience mirrored and magnified by your own leadership.

As Puntland continues to confront security challenges, I trust that your exemplary stewardship will remain a beacon of strength and unity. The international community watches with respect as your administration sets a powerful example of locally led counterterrorism success.

Once again, I applaud your extraordinary efforts and extend my sincere gratitude for your service to the people of Puntland State. May this victory herald a new era of stability, and may your vision for a secure and prosperous Somalia continue to flourish.

With utmost respect,

Ismail H Warsame
Chief Editor/WDM
iwarsame@ismailwarsame.blog

The risk of Somalia’s breakup hinges on addressing the trust deficit through actionable compromises. A combination of constitutional fidelity, inclusive dialogue, and equitable resource management—assisted by international support—could stabilize the federal system. Puntland’s buy-in is critical; addressing its demands while reinforcing shared national interests offers a viable path to cohesion. Without urgent, collaborative action, cyclical fragmentation or tendencies to break up will persist, undermining not only Somalia’s recovery, but eventually its very survival as a country.

TH E
DAILY
SOMALIA
Background of ISIS terrorist
groups.
The ISIS is a terrorist organization that has been officially designated as a global terrorist group.It originally emerged from
Al-Qaeda in Iraq(AQl)in 2004 before rebranding as the Islamic State of Iraq(Isl)in 2006. With the political uprising of Syria in 2011, the group expanded its operations and adopted the name the
islamic State of iraq and Syria (Isis).
ISIS quickly gained notorlety for its brutal tactics and extrome interpretation of Islamic law.By 2014,the group had seized
significant territory in Iraq and Syria,declaring a self-proclaimed
caliphate.This expansion led to a multinational military intervention aimed at combating the group’s influence and
territorial control.The ISIS’s rapid expansion and declaration of a caliphate in 2014 marked a significant turning point in the group’s history and global perception.This self-proclaimed, state, spanning parts of Iraq and Syria,attracted thousands of foreignfighters from around the world,further complicating the regional conflict.The group’s use of social media for propaganda and recruitment purposes demonstrated asophisticated understanding of modern communication tools,allowing them to
spread their ideology and attract supporters on a global scale.

Introduction
The continued presence of ISIS in Puntland poses a serious security threat to Somalia and East Africa. Although this group is smaller than Al-Shabaab in terms of manpower and territorial control, its technological capabilities,resilience in
combat, large number of foreign fighters,
strategic location in the mountains of the Bari region, and the ability to generate revenue through extortion and illegal businesses makes it a significant threat to regional stability and Somalia’s counterterrorism efforts.
The fight against ISIS in Cal-Miskaat, alongside the battles against Al-Shabaab in Gaimudug, Hirshabelle, Jubbaland, South West,and the Somali National Army is a just war that must not be met with neutrality. It is crucial for the government and the public,supporters, and opposition alike to unite to eradicate these
extremists.
The international community’s response to ISIS was multifaceted, involving military interventions,economic sanctions,and efforts to counter the group’s online presence.Coalition airstrikes,combined with ground operations by local forces,gradually eroded ISIS’s territorial control.However,the group’s ideology and decentralized structure has allowed it to persist,evolving into a more traditional
insurgency and continuing to inspire lone-wolf attacks in various
parts of the world.
How did ISIS Arrive in Somalia?
In early 2015,the ISIS attempted to establish a foothold in the Horn of Africa,particularly in Somalia.The group
sought to recruit young fighters and defectors from Al-Shabaab to gain support.Puntland,specifically the
Cal-Miskaat mountains became a key hideout for ISIS fighters,as they engaged in conflict with the Puntland
government and security forces.
Global intelligence sources have identified that ISIS
follows a five-pronged military strategy:
1. Open attacks and direct combat
2.Suicide bombings
3. Propaganda and ideological warfare
4. Espionage and intelligence gathering
5. Guerrilla warfare (ambush tactics)

By ABDULLAAHI ISSE MOHAMED (RUBAANI)
Executive Director at Somali Policy
and Development Centre

The situation in Puntland, where its forces are combating ISIS-Somalia and Al-Shabab with support from the UAE, Ethiopia, and the USA—but without backing from Somalia’s Federal Government (FGS) and African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia (AUSSOM)—reflects complex geopolitical, security, and intra-Somali tensions. Here’s a structured assessment:

Key Actors and Motivations

1. Puntland State:
   • Security Autonomy: As an autonomous region since 1998, Puntland has long prioritized self-reliance in security, particularly against ISIS in the Cal Miskaat Mountains and Al-Shabab incursions.
   • Political Tensions with Mogadishu: Strained relations with the FGS over resource-sharing, federalism, and political representation drive Puntland to seek external allies.
2. Federal Government of Somalia (FGS):
   • Centralization vs. Federalism: Mogadishu views Puntland’s independent alliances as undermining its authority and fears setting precedents for other regions.
   • Geopolitical Alignments: The FGS leans on Turkey and Qatar (rivals of the UAE and Ethiopia), complicating its willingness to endorse Puntland’s partnerships.
3. External Supporters (UAE, Ethiopia, USA):
   • UAE: Seeks strategic influence via Bosaso port and counters Islamist threats; part of broader Gulf competition with Qatar/Turkey.
   • Ethiopia: Aims to prevent spillover of extremism into its territory and secure economic interests (e.g., port access).
   • USA: Focuses on counterterrorism, targeting ISIS-Somalia to prevent global threats.
4. Critics in Mogadishu:
   • Sovereignty Concerns: Argue that foreign intervention erodes Somali sovereignty and entrenches regional fragmentation.
   • Proxy War Fears: Suspect UAE/Ethiopian support emboldens Puntland’s autonomy, risking prolonged federal-regional strife.

Security Dynamics

• ISIS-Somalia vs. Al-Shabab: While Al-Shabab remains the dominant extremist group in Somalia, ISIS’s foothold in Puntland (since 2015) poses a localized threat. The Cal Miskaat Mountains provide strategic terrain for insurgent activities.
• Counterterrorism Efficacy: External support has likely enhanced Puntland’s operational capacity, but questions remain about long-term sustainability without FGS coordination.

Political Implications

• Federal-Regional Rift: Mogadishu’s absence of support exacerbates distrust, potentially encouraging other federal states (e.g., Jubaland) to seek external patrons, weakening central governance.
• Proxy Competition: The UAE/Ethiopia vs. Turkey/Qatar rivalry risks turning Somalia into a theater for regional power struggles, diverting focus from unified counterterrorism.

International Media and Diplomacy

• Western Coverage: Highlights Puntland’s anti-ISIS efforts, framing it as a frontline in global counterterrorism. This visibility may pressure the FGS to engage but could also deepen its resentment.
• Diplomatic Strains: The FGS’s criticism of UAE/Ethiopia reflects broader discomfort with non-aligned foreign interventions, complicating international mediation efforts.

Risks and Opportunities

• Risks:
  • Fragmentation: Parallel security structures in Puntland could inspire secessionist sentiments or weaken federal cohesion.
  • Proxy Escalation: Gulf and Horn rivalries may prioritize strategic interests over Somali stability.
• Opportunities:
  • Local Stability: Degrading ISIS in Puntland could improve regional security, allowing economic development (e.g., UAE-funded infrastructure).
  • Model for Collaboration: If mediated, Puntland’s efforts could inspire federal-regional counterterrorism partnerships.

Conclusion

The Puntland-FGS divide underscores Somalia’s fragile balance between federalism and centralization, exacerbated by external actors pursuing competing interests. While foreign support bolsters Puntland’s counterterrorism capacity, it risks deepening Somalia’s political fractures and entangling the country in regional power struggles. A sustainable solution requires dialogue between Puntland and Mogadishu, aligned international support, and a unified strategy against extremism that addresses root causes like governance gaps and clan grievances. Without this, Somalia risks further fragmentation, benefiting only extremist groups and external powers.

https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/russian-federalism-miller/

Think about the channels through which aid is delivered. If it’s through corrupt officials, that’s one issue. If it’s through international organizations that don’t coordinate with local communities, that’s another. Different types of aid (humanitarian vs. development) might have different effects. For example, emergency aid during a famine vs. long-term development projects.

Foreign aid might distort local economies by inflating prices or creating parallel systems that bypass local governance. This can undermine existing structures. Also, the presence of foreign agencies might create a power imbalance, where decisions are made externally rather than by Somalis.

In terms of cultural heritage, maybe there’s a loss of traditional knowledge because aid projects promote modern techniques over traditional ones. Or education programs that don’t incorporate local languages or history, leading to cultural dilution.

For nomadic societies, aid that’s tied to specific locations (like schools or clinics) might force nomads to resettle to access services, disrupting their way of life. Alternatively, land designated for aid projects (like farming) could encroach on traditional grazing lands, leading to conflicts.

In historical context, Somalia’s long period of conflict and lack of strong central government makes it more vulnerable to these issues. Foreign aid in such a context might be more prone to corruption and less effective in fostering sustainable development.

Potential sources: Maybe the UN reports, academic articles on aid effectiveness in Somalia, case studies from NGOs operating there. Also, looking into critiques of humanitarian aid in fragile states.

To say that all foreign aid leads to corruption isn’t accurate, but there are documented cases where it has contributed to it in Somalia. Similarly, not all aid suppresses production, but certain types might.

In conclusion, corruption, suppressed production, cultural erosion, nomadic displacement—has specific mechanisms through which foreign aid could negatively impact Somalia.

The negative impacts of foreign aid in Somalia are multifaceted, affecting governance, economy, culture, and social structures. Here’s a structured analysis of the key issues:

1. Massive Corruption

• Mechanism: Foreign aid often flows through unstable or weak governance structures, enabling embezzlement and diversion of resources. Somalia’s lack of centralized authority exacerbates this, with aid sometimes captured by elites or warlords.
• Examples:
  • The 2011 famine saw reports of aid being diverted by armed groups, as documented by the UN Monitoring Group.
  • Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index consistently ranks Somalia among the most corrupt nations, partly due to mismanaged aid.
• Impact: Dependency on aid undermines institution-building, as local governments lack incentives to develop transparent systems.

2. Suppression of Local Production

• Mechanism: In-kind food aid can undercut local markets. Free distributions discourage agricultural investment, as seen when imported grains depress prices for Somali farmers.
• Examples:
  • A 2013 study by the Somali Agriculture Technical Group found that prolonged food aid weakened pastoralist livelihoods, reducing resilience to droughts.
  • USAID’s “monetized aid” (selling donated food to fund projects) has been criticized for distorting local markets.
• Impact: Long-term dependency replaces self-sufficiency, stifling sectors like agriculture and pastoralism.

3. Erosion of Cultural Heritage

• Mechanism: Aid programs may impose external values or practices, marginalizing traditional systems. Infrastructure projects sometimes disregard cultural sites or communal land rights.
• Examples:
  • NGOs have been accused of sidelining traditional elders in decision-making, as noted in a 2017 Rift Valley Institute report.
  • Urbanization driven by aid hubs erodes nomadic traditions, with younger generations adopting sedentary lifestyles.
• Impact: Loss of indigenous knowledge and social cohesion, as external models replace community-led practices.

4. Uprooting Nomadic Society

• Mechanism: Fixed aid infrastructure (e.g., clinics, schools) incentivizes settlement, disrupting migratory patterns. Land grabs for agriculture projects encroach on grazing lands.
• Examples:
  • The establishment of IDP (Internally Displaced Persons) camps has drawn pastoralists to urban areas, fragmenting kinship networks (per a 2020 ODI report).
  • The Jubaland irrigation initiative, funded by foreign donors, displaced nomadic communities, sparking conflicts over resources.
• Impact: Nomadic identity and adaptive strategies (e.g., seasonal migration) are eroded, increasing vulnerability to climate shocks.

Conclusion

While foreign aid is critical in crises, its design and delivery in Somalia often exacerbate systemic issues. Addressing these challenges requires community-led approaches, anti-corruption safeguards, and aid models that prioritize local production and cultural preservation. For instance, cash-based interventions (e.g., the Somali Cash Consortium) have shown promise in reducing market distortions while empowering recipients. Balancing immediate relief with long-term resilience remains key to mitigating negative impacts.