Ismail H Warsame                              Warsame Digital Media (WDM)   September 21, 2025 Abstract While international counter-terrorism discourse concerning Somalia has predominantly focused on the Federal Government in Mogadishu and the threat of al-Shabaab in the south, the semi-autonomous state of Puntland has conducted a sustained, iterative counter-insurgency (COIN) campaign in its northern territories for over three … Continue reading The Puntland Doctrine: Terrain, Logistics, and the Evolution of Regional Counter-Insurgency in Northern Somalia, 1990s-2025